Impaired Microvascular Response to Muscle Stretching in Chronic Smokers With Type 2 Diabetes

Impaired Microvascular Response to Muscle Stretching in Chronic Smokers With Type 2 Diabetes

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ObjectiveCigarette smoking promotes endothelial dysfunction and is a prominent catalyst for vascular disease.This study employed laser doppler flowmetry (LDF) and spectral analysis to investigate the skin microvascular response to relatively google pixel 7 freedom mild stimulus of stretching in diabetic smokers.MethodsThe study population consisted of thirty type 2 diabetic male patients (15 smokers vs.15 non-smokers) and 15 normal non-smoking subjects.

The cutaneous blood flow of the calf at both lower limbs was measured by LDF at a supine position throughout and after muscle stretching by passive dorsiflexion of the ankle.ResultsFollowing the stretch, post-stretch reactive hyperemia (PSRH) responses were found in all subjects.However, the diabetic non-smokers had relatively higher reactive blood flow than that of the diabetic smokers.The PSRH sustained for a longer time in both diabetic non-smokers and non-diabetic non-smokers in the time domain analysis.

By spectral analysis, an observed discrepancy between that of diabetic smokers and diabetic non-smokers was statistically significant.Specifically, the frequency intervals corresponded to a nitric oxide dependent endothelial activity.In addition, an excessive response induced by stretching in frequency intervals of neurogenic activity, when compared with the non-smoking control, was found on diabetic non-smokers.ConclusionAll subjects expressed the PSRH effect in cutaneous microcirculation after a 10-s stretch stimulus; however, this effect was observed at a significantly lower intensity in chronic smokers with diabetes.

The spectral analysis of the skin blood flow signals provides a pathological index for the assessment of the endothelial dysfunction induced by cigarette smoking.Furthermore, the discrepancy of neurovascular function between that of diabetic non-smokers and normal subjects could also be distinguished via the variations read more of the spectrum related to neurogenic activity.